{"id":166,"date":"2022-04-10T15:13:04","date_gmt":"2022-04-10T15:13:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/411-academy.com\/Greekmythos\/?p=166"},"modified":"2022-04-10T15:26:58","modified_gmt":"2022-04-10T15:26:58","slug":"an-ancient-greek-approach-to-risk-and-the-lessons-it-can-offer-the-modern-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/411-academy.com\/Greekmythos\/2022\/04\/10\/an-ancient-greek-approach-to-risk-and-the-lessons-it-can-offer-the-modern-world\/","title":{"rendered":"An ancient Greek approach to risk and the lessons it can offer the modern world"},"content":{"rendered":"

Most of us take big and small risks in our lives every day. But COVID-19 has made us more aware of how we think about taking risks.<\/p>\n

Since the start of the pandemic, people have been forced to weigh their options about how much risk is worth taking for ordinary activities \u2013 should they, for example, go to the grocery store or even turn up for a long-scheduled doctor\u2019s visit?<\/p>\n

As a scholar of ancient Greek history<\/a>, I am interested in what the classics can teach us about risk-taking as a way to make sense of our current situation.<\/p>\n

Greek mythology features godlike heroes, but Greek history was filled with men and women who were exposed to great risks without the comforts of modern life.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

The iron generation<\/h2>\n

One of the earliest written works in Greek is \u201cWorks and Days,\u201d a poem by a farmer named Hesiod in the eighth century B.C. In it, Hesiod addresses his lazy brother, Perses.<\/p>\n

The most famous section of \u201cWorks and Days\u201d describes a cycle of generations. First, Hesiod says, Zeus created a golden generation who \u201clived like the gods<\/a>, having hearts free from sorrow, far from work and misery.\u201d<\/p>\n

Then came a silver generation, arrogant and proud.<\/p>\n

Third was a bronze generation, violent and self-destructive.<\/p>\n

Fourth was the age of heroes who went to their graves at Troy.<\/p>\n

Finally, Hesiod says, Zeus made an iron generation marked by a balance of pain and joy.<\/p>\n

While the earliest generations lived life free of worries, according to Hesiod, life in the current iron generation is shaped by risk, which leads to pain and sorrow.<\/p>\n

Throughout the poem, Hesiod develops an idea of risk and its management that was common in ancient Greece: People can and should take steps to prepare for risk, but it is ultimately inescapable.<\/p>\n

As Hesiod says, \u201csummer won\u2019t last forever, build granaries<\/a>,\u201d but for people of the current generation, \u201cthere is neither a stop to toil and sorrow by day, nor to death by night<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

In other words, people face the consequences of risk \u2013 including suffering \u2013 because that is the will of Zeus.<\/p>\n

Omens and divination<\/h2>\n

If the outcome of risk was determined by the gods, then one critical part of preparing to face uncertainty was to try to find out the will of Zeus. For this, the Greeks relied on oracles and omens.<\/p>\n

While the rich might pay to petition the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, most people turned to simpler techniques to seek guidance from the gods, such as\u00a0throwing dice<\/a>\u00a0made of\u00a0animal knuckle bones<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"Dice
Marry, or stay single? Ancient Greeks, at times, let the dice decide.\u00a0PHAS\/Universal Images Group via Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

A second technique involved inscribing a question on a\u00a0lead tablet<\/a>, to which the god would provide an answer such as \u201cyes\u201d or \u201cno.\u201d These tablets record a wide range of concerns from ordinary Greeks. In one, a man named Lysias asks the god whether he should invest in shipping. In another, a man named Epilytos asks whether he should continue in his current career and whether he ought to wed a woman who shows up, or wait. Nothing is known about either man except that they turned to the gods when confronted with uncertainty.<\/p>\n

Omens were also used to inform almost every decision, whether public or private. Men called \u201cchresmologoi,\u201d oracle collectors who interpreted the signs from the gods,\u00a0had enormous influence in Athens<\/a>. When the Spartans invaded in 431 B.C., the historian Thucydides says,\u00a0they were everywhere reciting oracular responses<\/a>.\u00a0When plague struck Athens<\/a>, he notes that the Athenians\u00a0called to mind just such a prophecy<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Chresmologoi played so much of a role in bolstering public confidence that the wealthy Athenian politician Alcibiades\u00a0privately contracted them as spin doctors<\/a>\u00a0in order to persuade people to overlook the risks of an expedition to Sicily in 415 B.C.<\/p>\n

Mitigating risks<\/h2>\n

For the Greeks, putting faith in the gods alone did not fully protect them from risk. As Hesiod explained, risk mitigation required attending to both the gods and human actions.<\/p>\n

Generals, for example, made sacrifices to gods like Artemis or Ares in advance of battle, and the best commanders knew how to interpret every omen as a positive sign. At the same time, though, generals also\u00a0paid attention to strategy and tactics<\/a>\u00a0in order to give their armies every advantage.<\/p>\n

Neither was every omen heeded. Before the Athenian expedition to Sicily in 415 B.C., statues sacred to Hermes, the god of travel, were found with their\u00a0faces scratched out<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The Athenians interpreted this as a bad omen, which may have been what\u00a0the perpetrators intended<\/a>. The expedition sailed anyway, but it ended in a crushing defeat.\u00a0Few of the people<\/a>\u00a0who left ever returned to Athens.<\/p>\n

The evidence was clear to the Athenians: The desecration of the statues had put everyone in the expedition at risk. The only solution was to\u00a0punish the wrongdoers<\/a>. Fifteen years later, the orator Andocides had to\u00a0defend himself in court<\/a>\u00a0against accusations that he had been involved.<\/p>\n

This history explains that individuals might escape divine punishment, but ignoring omens and failing to take precautions were often communal rather than individual problems. Andocides was acquitted, but his trial shows that when someone\u2019s actions put everyone at risk, it was a community\u2019s responsibility to hold them accountable.<\/p>\n

Oracles and knuckle bones are not in vogue today, but the ancient Greeks show us the very real dangers of risky behavior, and why it is important that risk not be left to a simple toss of the dice.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Most of us take big and small risks in our lives every day. But COVID-19 has made us more aware of how we think about taking risks. Since the start of the pandemic, people have been forced to weigh their options about how much risk is worth taking for ordinary activities \u2013 should they, for … Continue reading “An ancient Greek approach to risk and the lessons it can offer the modern world”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":171,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-166","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nAn ancient Greek approach to risk and the lessons it can offer the modern world - Greek Mythology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/411-academy.com\/Greekmythos\/2022\/04\/10\/an-ancient-greek-approach-to-risk-and-the-lessons-it-can-offer-the-modern-world\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"An ancient Greek approach to risk and the lessons it can offer the modern world - Greek Mythology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Most of us take big and small risks in our lives every day. 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